Respiration : 12-20 breath/min (eupnea)
tachypnea >20 breath/min
bradypnea <12 breath/min
apnea: absent respiration
Respiration : is the act of breathing
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
body
Types of Respiration
– External (gas exchange between alveoli of the lung and
pulmonary blood)
– Internal: gas exchange between blood and body tissues)
Mechanics of Ventilation
a-Inspiration (inhalation)
– Drawing air into the lung
– Involves the ribs, diaphragm
– Creates negative pressure-allows air into lung
b-Expiration (exhalation)
– Relaxation of the thoracic muscles and diaphragm
causing air to be expelled
Assessment of Respiration
• Rate :
– Eupnea: normal
breathing
– Normal: 12-20
breaths per minute
– Apnea: no breathing
– Bradypnea:
abnormally slow
– Tachypnea:
abnormally fast
– Observe for one full
minute
• Rhythm
– Assessment of the
pattern
• Regular
• Irregular
• Depth/volume
– Normal: diaphragm
moves ½ inch
– Deep
(hyperventilation)
– Shallow
(hypoventilation)
• Effort
– Work of breathing
– Dypsnea: labored
(difficult) breathing
– Orthopnea: inability to
breath when horizontal
(supine position)
– Observe for retractions, nasal flaring and
restlessness
• Quality
– Full
–Deep
– Shallow
– Labored
–Noisy
Variations in Assessment of Breath Sounds
• Wheeze
– High pitched continuous musical sound; heard on expiration
• Rhonchi
– Low pitched continuous sounds caused by secretions in large airways
• Crackles
– Discontinuous sounds heard on inspiration; high pitched popping or low pitched bubbling
• Stridor
– Piercing, high pitched sound heard during inspiration
• Stertor
– Labored breathing that produces a snoring sound
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